Being and becoming

So as to be human, not just the possibility of reflection upon life is fundamental yet in underscores of the utilization of the Socratic strategy in that reflection and over the span of finding reality, questions are matched with such reflection. At this level, addressing and reflection are the pinnacle of being human.Socrates anyway made them shift sees on theory that restricted some of what Plato accepted. Socrates was a cynic, as was Plato, and as can be exemplified in the cavern similitude, yet Socrates likewise accepted that an individual can be indicted for their own convictions regardless of whether they can't discover their pathway of truth.Plato, conversely, accepted that rationalists were the representatives who kept up what was and was not truth, and drove the best approach to such truth for the regular man. It isn't then personal circumstance that drives an individual to joy, and there is an unequivocal harmony between the remittance of each piece of the spirit guided by reason, and parsimony. Plato was a not a Sophist. Without the direction of good explanation then a condition of bedlam would result involving an everyman for himself sort of attitude.It is an unpleasant discussion on whether Socrates was a Sophist, he himself passionately precluded it yet some from claiming his ways of thinking corresponded with Sophist thinking (I. e. the issues of morals, and carrying on with a decent life, every Sophist distractions). Ethical quality should then be appeared as holding fast to singular interests. Plato didn't concur with the sort of debauchery showed by the Sophists, who thought human instinct was an expansion of the creature world. Rather, Plato expresses that the idea of man is reason; and in this explanation exists a composed society developed by reason.Happiness for the sane man at that point comes into realization by overseeing their increasingly base, creature, wants, which are silly. This profound quality is stretched out into the domain of society due to human connection. Along these lines, if a man is to be the zenith of reason, and ethical quality, and bliss, at that point the general public that he lives and partners should then likewise show such an ethical moderation. In the event that, at that point a general public is blinded by gratification, or unadulterated want of self, a man in that society has no expectation for individual satisfaction on account of absence of ethical quality, reason, and in this way completely capitulating to akrasia.In request to be human, not just the possibility of reflection upon life is essential yet in stresses of the utilization of the Socratic strategy in that reflection and throughout finding reality, questions are matched with such reflection. At this level, addressing and reflection are the pinnacle of being human. Socrates anyway made them differ sees on reasoning that restricted some of what Plato accepted. Socrates was a doubter, as was Plato, and as can be exemplified in the cavern representation, however Socrates additionally accepted that an individual can be sentenced for their own convictions regardless of whether they can't discover their pathway of truth.Plato, interestingly, accepted that logicians were the agents who kept up what was and was not truth, and drove the best approach to such truth for the normal man. It isn't then personal circumstance that drives an individual to bliss, and there is a positive harmony between the remittance of each piece of the spirit guided by reason, and parsimony. Plato was a not a Sophist. Without the direction of good explanation then a condition of disarray would follow involving an everyman for himself sort of attitude.It is a harsh discussion on whether Socrates was a Sophist, he himself eagerly prevented it yet some from securing his methods of reasoning related with Sophist thinking (I. e. the issues of morals, and carrying on with a decent life, every Sophist distractions). Work Cited MacDonald, Ross . Socrates versus Plato. Parts of Education. P9-22. 1996. Plato. Phaedo. <http://olldownload. libertyfund. organization/EBooks/Plato_0407. pdf> Plato. Crito. Interpreted by Benjamin Jowett. < http://works of art. mit. edu/Plato/crito. html>

American International Group (AIG) Research Paper

American International Group (AIG) - Research Paper Example This paper talks about that the CEO Greenberg guaranteed that he connected with everybody remembering the various presidents for power and consequently manufactured himself a fortification of help and constructed himself and AIG resistance from questions and outside reviewing which would have found the misrepresentation and unlawful business bargains that were occurring in the organization and which prompted the gigantic development of the organization and its definitive defeat. The remainder of the administrators offered their full help of the illicit Credit Default Swap (CDS) venture which despite the fact that it got a great deal of cash than some other division in the firm, its exercises and morals were faulty. The administrators even forestalled outer review firms from coming to review them as they didn't need their amazing extortion and illicit plan to be found by outcasts despite the fact that that in the end occurred. In the event that lone the firm had an authoritative cultu re that required outer examining, at that point they would not have started the program in any case consequently sparing themselves shame and government the bailout cash. A more grounded morals program would have kept Greenberg from asking for help to keep the firm from being investigated and the revealing of reality. The corporate administrators were exploitative and harbored business bargains that were not unlawful but rather untrustworthy. They additionally risked the lives of a large number of Americans through the deceptive arrangement with CDS the same number of individuals whose cash was lost somehow would have endured. Their unscrupulous lead additionally out in danger the occupations of every one of their representatives some of whom even had no clue what actually that money related office that managed CDS was about or that it even existed and consequently were trapped in the spontaneous at the disclosure of reality. On the off chance that the officials were moral and genui ne in the organization, the bailout would not have been essential. A more grounded morals program would have forestalled even the unlawful office authorities to complete these illicit arrangements. The corporate administrators ought to be the ones to set an ideal guide to their workers and not help in turning them hoodlums on the off chance that they had set up a more grounded morals culture inside the association. 3. What could AIG have done any other way to forestall its disappointment and ensuing bailout? AIG ought to never have set up that division and the CDS monetary dealings in any case. This would have forestalled the entire emergency as it might have been. Significantly after its creation, they would have permitted outside examiners or even outer investigation to be done which would have uncovered the issue as ahead of schedule as conceivable henceforth keeping the administration from spending over $180 billion rescuing it and keeping it from being completely bankrupt subse quently forestalling different organizations and people in America from the effectively terrible financial downturn of 2008. The representatives who knew about the arrangement ought to have would pass on an untrustworthy arrangement and even stepped up and report the firm to protections and trade if the corporate culture had shown them how to be moral. 4. Give your considerations/sentiment about the significance of Corporate Culture in the Business world? Corporate culture gives direction to all the representatives in an association beginning from the top administrators to the out and out base worker in the levels of leadership (Flamholtz and Yvonne 3). This consequently guarantees no deceptive conduct goes unreported to the essential specialists thus forestalling a humiliating circumstance later on. A business has numerous partners and a decent corporate culture assists with characterizing the jobs of every one of these partners

How Psychoeducational Group Therapy Can Help Phobias

How Psychoeducational Group Therapy Can Help Phobias Phobias Treatment Print How Psychoeducational Group Therapy Can Help Phobias By Lisa Fritscher Lisa Fritscher is a freelance writer and editor with a deep interest in phobias and other mental health topics. Learn about our editorial policy Lisa Fritscher Updated on August 16, 2019 Tom Merton / Getty Images More in Phobias Treatment Causes Symptoms and Diagnosis Types Did your therapist recently suggest group therapy as part of your treatment plan for a phobia? That wouldnt be unusual. A psychoeducational  group is a common component in treatment plans for phobia, which includes  agoraphobia,  social phobia (social anxiety disorder), and a  specific phobia, an exaggerated or irrational fear of a specific object or situation. Common Characteristics of Psychoeducational Group Therapy A psychoeducational group is a specific type of  group therapy  that focuses on educating clients about their disorders and ways of coping. Its based on the principles of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT). Your psychoeducational group is likely to consist of members that all share the same diagnosis. In this case, education tends to focus on coping with that specific disorder. In other groups, members may have very different diagnoses, and the educational focus is on practical life skills such as living within a community or accepting rules. The leader of the psychoeducational groups you attend could be a mental health expert, a peer counselor who shares a similar diagnosis, or members of the community. There are specific formats for certain types of psychoeducational groups, but many follow a more free-form, eclectic approach. Treatment for Adolescents With Social Phobia A psychoeducational group is the first part of  a successful school-based treatment plan for adolescents with social phobia called Skills for Social and Academic Success (SASS). The afflicted students gather in small groups for 12 weekly sessions of 40 minutes each. The group leaders guide each session and supportive peers who dont suffer from this mental disorder are in attendance, too. During the first session, the group leaders use psychoeducation in a group setting to: Normalize the experience of anxietyPresent the behavioral symptoms and let students share their own symptomsGive students space to discuss their negative thoughts and how avoidance  affects their livesIdentify students goals for the SASS program The next four topics presented in the subsequent sessions of SASS are: Realistic thinkingSocial skills trainingExposureRelapse prevention The 9 Best Online Therapy Programs Examples of Psychoeducational Group Intervention for a Specific Phobia A psychoeducational group intervention is an effective approach for reducing the symptoms of the social anxiety known as erythrophobia, a fear of blushing, and the specific phobia arachnophobia, a fear of spiders. When it comes to a fear of blushing, a study published in the journal Clinical Psychology    Psychotherapy found that when 47 erythrophobia participants attended one weekly  psychoeducational group session for six weeks, they showed significant  improvement from baseline on a Blushing, Trembling, and Sweating Questionnaire. In regards to the specific phobia of spiders, a pilot study published in a German medical journal on child psychology evaluated 36 children between the ages of 8 and 10. Researchers wanted to try and reduce the likelihood of developing  this common fear using a  psychoeducative group program. After completing the program,  both boys and girls showed a reduction in their fear.   10 of the Most Common Phobias A Word From Verywell If you think you may benefit from this type of therapy, consider discussing it with your doctor. For instance, its possible that a psychoeducational group on living with social phobia can teach you new ways of relating to strangers.

The History of Female Infanticide in Asia

In China and India alone, an estimated 2 million baby girls go missing each year. They are selectively aborted, killed as newborns, or abandoned and left to die. Neighboring countries with similar cultural traditions, such as South Korea and Nepal, have also faced this problem.   What are the traditions that led to this massacre of baby girls? What modern laws and policies have addressed or exacerbated the problem? The root causes of female infanticide in Confucian countries like China and South Korea are similar to, but not exactly the same as, predominantly Hindu countries such as India and Nepal. India and Nepal According to Hindu tradition, women are lower incarnations than men of the same caste. A woman cannot obtain release (moksha) from the cycle of death and rebirth. On a more practical day-to-day level, women traditionally could not inherit property or carry on the family name. Sons were expected to take care of their elderly parents in return for inheriting the family farm or shop. Daughters had to have an expensive dowry to get married; a son, on the other hand, would bring dowry wealth into the family. A womans social status was so dependent on that of her husband that if he died and left her a widow, she was often expected to commit sati rather than going back to her birth family. As a result of these beliefs and practices, parents had a strong preference for sons. A baby girl was seen as a robber who would cost the family money to raise and who then would take her dowry and go to a new family when she got married. For centuries, sons were given more food in times of scarcity, better medical care, and more parental attention and affection. If a family felt like they had too many daughters and another girl was born, they might smother her with a damp cloth, strangle her, or leave her outside to die. Effects of Modern Technology In recent years, advances in medical technology have made the problem much worse. Instead of waiting nine months to see the babys sex at birth, families today have access to ultrasounds that can tell them the childs sex just four months into the pregnancy. Many families who want a son will abort a female fetus. Sex determination tests are illegal in India, but doctors routinely accept bribes to carry out the procedure. Such cases are almost never prosecuted. The results of sex-selective abortion have been stark. The normal sex ratio at birth is about 105 males for every 100 females  because girls naturally survive to adulthood more often than boys. Today, for every 105 boys born in India, only 97 girls are born. In the most skewed district of Punjab, the ratio is 105 boys to 79 girls. Although these numbers dont look too alarming, in a country as populous as India, that translates to 49 million more men than women as of 2019. This imbalance has contributed to a rapid rise in horrific crimes against women. It seems logical that where women are a rare commodity, they would be treasured and treated with great respect. However, what happens in practice is that men commit more acts of violence against women where the gender balance is skewed. In recent years, women in India have faced increasing threats of rape, gang rape, and murder, in addition to domestic abuse from their husbands or their parents-in-law. Some women are killed for failing to produce sons, perpetuating the cycle. Sadly, this problem seems to be growing more common in Nepal as well. Many women there cannot afford an ultrasound to determine the sex of their fetuses, so they kill or abandon baby girls after they are born. The reasons for the recent increase in female infanticide in Nepal are not clear. China and South Korea In China and South Korea, peoples behavior and attitudes today are still shaped to a large degree by the teachings of Confucius, an ancient Chinese sage. Among his teachings were the ideas that men are superior to women and that sons have a duty to take care of their parents when the parents grow too old to work. Girls, in contrast, were seen as a burden to raise, just as they were in India. They could not carry on the family name or bloodline, inherit the family property, or perform as much manual labor on the family farm. When a girl married, she was lost to a new family, and in centuries past, her birth parents might never see her again if she moved to a different village to marry. Unlike India, however, Chinese women do not have to provide a dowry when they marry. This makes the financial cost of raising a girl less onerous. Effects of Modern Policy in China The Chinese governments One-Child Policy, enacted in 1979, has led to gender imbalance similar to Indias. Faced with the prospect of only having a single child, most parents in China preferred to have a son. As a result, they would abort, kill, or abandon baby girls. To help alleviate the problem, the Chinese government altered the policy to allow parents to have a second child if the first one was a girl, but many parents still do not want to bear the expense of raising and educating two children, so they will get rid of girl babies until they get a boy. In some regions of China in the last decades, there could be roughly 140 men for every 100 women. The lack of brides for all of those extra men means that they cannot have children and carry on their families names, leaving them as barren branches. Some families resort to kidnapping girls in order to marry them to their sons. Others import brides from Vietnam, Cambodia, and other Asian nations. South Korea In South Korea, too, the current number of marriage-age men is much larger than the available women. This is because South Korea had the worst gender-at-birth imbalance in the world in the 1990s. Parents still clung to their traditional beliefs about the ideal family, even as the economy grew explosively and people became wealthy. As a result of increasing wealth, most families had access to ultrasounds and abortions, and the nation as a whole saw 120 boys being born for every 100 girls throughout the 1990s. As in China, some South Korean men began bringing in brides from other Asian countries. However, it is a difficult adjustment for these women, who usually dont speak Korean and dont understand the expectations that will be placed on them in a Korean family—particularly the enormous expectations around their childrens education. Prosperity and Equality as Solutions South Korea, however, became a success story. In just a couple of decades, the gender-at-birth ratio has normalized at about 105 boys per 100 girls. This is mostly a result of changing social norms. Couples in South Korea have realized that women today have more opportunities to earn money and gain prominence. From 2006 to 2007, the prime minister was a woman, for example. As capitalism booms, some sons have abandoned the custom of living with and caring for their elderly parents. Parents are now more likely to turn to their daughters for old-age care. Daughters are growing ever more valuable. There are still families in South Korea with, for example, a 19-year-old daughter and a 7-year-old son. The implication of these bookend families is that several other daughters were aborted in between. But the South Korean experience shows that improvements in the social status and earning potential of women can have a profoundly positive effect on the birth ratio. It can actually prevent female infanticide.

The Issues Of The Transgender Community - 1734 Words

The discussion composed by Jessica Lynn was significantly insightful regarding the issues of the transgender community. For one thing, when it came to injustices in the justice system, I believed the limit was the race of the individual. However, Jessica Lynn`s unfortunate story about her being removed from her son s birth certificate based solely on her gender identity is heartbreaking and surprising. Jessica Lynn`s presentation added to my understanding of how being transgender does not guarantee a fair advantage in the justice system as well. Biased and unfair justice system, can critically disadvantage anyone who is not living a ‘normal’ or accepted lifestyle. Moreover, her presentation made me realize that their feelings and desire to transition began during the early childhood development. Personally, it was believed that their desire to transition began at during the adolescent stage of life. As discussed in class, social stratification refers to the organization of social hierarchies, and those who are higher in the social hierarchy have more access to resources and luxuries. Stratification is also known as a Structured Inequality, which can disadvantage those based off of their race, sex, and gender. In Jessica Lynn`s case she was more than capable to physically and psychologically care for her youngest son. However, despite her ability to care for her son, she was not granted the ability to have any form of custody of her son due to the fact thatShow MoreRelatedA Comprehensive Look At Information Regarding The Transgender Community1420 Words   |  6 PagesOver the course of this paper, we will take a comprehensive look at information regarding the Transgender community issue in reference to four key sociology concepts. First, we will review information highlighti ng how transgender people come to the forefront of the public eye as well as the bathroom use uproar sweeping the nation. Next, we will review facts showcasing how transgender people go against the social norm of associating gender with a person’s given birth sex. Thirdly, we will review informationRead MoreEthical Dilemmas : I Am Cait1171 Words   |  5 Pagestransition as a transgender woman. The Vanity Fair issue also included an interview style article, as well as other insight into Jenner’s life as Caitlyn. Many people reacted in a positive way congratulating the courage it took to come out in such a public way, while others instantly began to criticize Jenner and her motives. Caitlyn created a conversation about the transgender community that she was joining, a community that has been suffering with a lack of voice when it comes to transgender rights andRead MoreThe Issue Of Gender Equality790 Words   |  4 PagesOne of the newer issues that are facing schools today is accommodating transgender students. The Title IX, Education Amendments of 1972 states: â€Å"Prohibition against discrimination; exceptions. No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This is talking about gender equality in schools. This means that a schoolRead MoreAs Times Are Modernizing The Ideology That One Must Be1369 Words   |  6 Pagesthere were very few H.R. transgender policies provided by US employers. As the years have gone by and almost twenty years later more and more Human Resource policies are being adopted and implemented in defense of not only those who in the lesbian or gay community, but for those with gender identity and/or expression that differs from that of an individual’s birth-specifically transgender to fight against discrimination and inequality in the workplace. Transgender issues are particularly importantRead MoreJoe Is A Fifteen-Year-Old Boy Whom Is In The Process Of1614 Words   |  7 Pagesgoing through the non-passing phase of transitioning into a transgender individual. Lately, there has been heavy discussion on the rights of transgender individuals to use public facilities. These thoughts and conversations have been bubbling in the past few months since President Trump took office in January. Gender-neutral restrooms is a large topic discussed in society today. My research project is going to discuss the transgender community and gender queer individuals that struggle with gender segregatedRead MoreInward Struggle Of Coming Out Methodology1344 Words   |  6 PagesOut-Methodology Methods The transgender community continue to battle the acknowledgment of independent identity within society. The ongoing problem has been the continued gender crisis with mistaken the identity of transgender as the same as gay or lesbian sexuality. Gay is a term commonly used to refer to homosexuals, but transgender is the state in which a person’s gender identity does not match with his/her physical sex (Gay Couple Fertility Care, 2015, p. 1). Transgender people may identify as heterosexualRead MoreEssay Questions On Transgender Issues1517 Words   |  7 PagesBrainstorming Record Group Topic: Transgender Issues in Hamilton. Group Members: Victoria, Milica, Yasmeen Mickey Process Overview 2) a) We started to tackle this process by creating a concept map. Instantly we began talking about broader topics about Transgender issues, then we furthered researched more information about these broader topics, to get an understanding of which one we were most interested in. Finally, we took these broad topics and narrowed them into three individual sectionsRead MorePersonal Experience: Being a Transgender is not Matching the Traditional View of Man and Women1346 Words   |  6 Pagesfor a person to identify themselves. For myself, being transgender means not matching the traditional view of male or female including being transsexual or a cross-dresser. Because society only thinks about gender being based on our sexual organs given to us at birth, it is imperative that we explore society’s need to except the transgender lifestyle further. We will do this by first, exploring two problems surrounding the T of the LGBT community. Second, we will explore two of its causes, before finallyRead MoreThe LGBT Community: The Need for an Anti-Discrimination Bill720 Words   |  3 PagesThe need for an anti-discrimination bill for members of the LGBT community is large and the discrimination against LGBT identifying individuals extends far past the workplace and into the homes and communities. Only 11 states currently provide transgender victims with protection under hate crimes. In all other states, violent crimes against transgender individuals are prosecuted without a hate crime enhancement. Transgender individuals often find it hard to find employment and feel safe. Due to theRead MoreMedia Portrayal of Transgender Characters Essay example964 Words   |  4 Pagesdepiction of transgender women characters in mainstream television has been offensive, insulting and derogatory. An article from GLADD called â€Å"Victims or Villains: Examining Ten Years of Transgender Images on Television†, examines 102 episodes and storylines on mainstream televisio n that contained transgender characters since 2002. Of these, more than half were characterized as containing negative representations of transgender. In 2007 only 1% of television series had a recurring transgender character

Nike and International Labor Practices - 1807 Words

Nike and International Labor Practices Nike has long been known as the only brand of shoes to wear. Since its inception in the early 1970s, teenagers have seen the brand’s â€Å"swoosh† as a mark of cool. With their celebrity endorsements with people like Tiger Woods, kids have wanted the shoes so that they could be like their sports star. Nike was headed to the top rung of the athletic shoe industry until it hit trouble in the 1990s with news leaking out about labor violations in its factories overseas. Executive Summary Nike’s company strategy is a clever one. One that founder Phil Knight thought of while still in school at Stanford. Instead of paying Americans to put together Nike’s shoes, Knight thought that it would be a better†¦show more content†¦Threat of New Entrants Up until 1997, Nike did not have to worry about new companies taking away much, if any, of its market share. With Nike’s clever marketing scheme to ingrain the brand name’s â€Å"swoosh† into every person in America with the use of huge sports stars, no company stood to make any dent in Nike’s market share. But when America found out that their beloved shoes were being made by 12-year-olds being paid $2.50 per day in Indonesia, many turned anti-Nike and no longer promoted the â€Å"swoosh† (Glenn). This is when new symbols like Adidas’s three stripes logo came into public view. These other brands started to take away some of Nike’s market sh are and these new logos began to be seen all over America in place of Nike’s. Buyer Power The nineties were a time where Nike’s potential customers showed how much power they have over Nike. When word got out about Nike’s use of underage workers and the bad conditions they are forced to work in, its customers decided to not buy Nike’s products and consequently, the company’s revenues fell sharply. People discovered that a typical Nike shoe costs only $22.50 for Nike to make and they sell it for close to $100 while paying the laborers who made the shoes not even enough to live on. Stories of people being killed in Nike’s overseas factories and working in conditionsShow MoreRelatedNike And International Labor Practices1207 Words   |  5 PagesHitting the Wall: Nike and International Labor Practices Nike is one of the most popular and successful footwear brands, and there are many manufacturing factories in different countries. In this case, it talks about Nike’s international labor practice between1980s to 1990s. At the beginning of the case, it mentions Nike started to attract teenagers’ attentions in 1970s, besides that, Nike’s revenue reached the first highest peak in 1980s by increasing not only the footwear styles but also the celebrityRead MoreHitting the Wall: Nike and International Labor Practices1368 Words   |  6 Pages1) Which criticisms leveled against Nike do you consider to be fair? Explain. Nike s corporate practices are good indicators that the company is only interested in exploiting low wages in third world countries. This is indicated by investing in these countries through worker training or human resource investment but has continually shifted its operation to the country with a lower wage. Nike is in control of its subcontractors Ââ€" They dictate the price of a shoe and the cost of operation toRead MoreUnethical Business Practice: Nike1499 Words   |  6 Pagesplays a major role in these challenges that are faced by Nike. As we know that government laws and regulations differ from country to country and this makes manufacturing of products very difficult challenge for the international companies like Nike. The host governments have laws concerns against consumer protection, information and labeling, employment, wages and salaries and safety of the workers who work in those firms. The international organizations must keep these rules and regulations in theirRead MoreEthical Companies with Unethical Practices Essay1514 Words   |  7 PagesEthical Companies with Unethical Practices Introduction American business should not be permitted to claim it is an ethical firm if it ignores unethical practices by its international suppliers. For the purpose of this assignment I will use the Nike Company to highlight its unethical practices. Despite the popularity of Nike in the American market, it has been accused of exploiting employees abroad. The corporate social responsibility stipulates that a company should maximize its profit and minimizesRead MoreChild Labor During A Nike Factory1666 Words   |  7 PagesCHILD LABOR IN A NIKE FACTORY IN PAKISTAN Abstract This paper especially focuses on the problem of Child Labor in Pakistan with respect to the case of the world-renowned sports brand Nike and its use of children in its factories in Pakistan. A set of laws that can be established to eradicate this evil from Pakistan have been elaborated upon in the paper, these proposals include the Trafficking Victim Protection Reauthorization Act (TVPRA), the International Human Right Treaty by the General AssemblyRead MoreEssay Nike- Ethical Issues1454 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis: Nike Introduction Nike was established in 1972 by Bill Bowerman and Phil Knight. These two men were visionaries. The goal for Nike was to carry on Bowerman’s legacy of innovative thinking by helping every athlete reach their goal or by creating lucrative business opportunities that would set the company apart from any competition. This included providing quality work environments for all who were employed by Nike. Read MoreNike: the Sweatshop Debate Essay1494 Words   |  6 PagesNike: The Sweatshop Debate MGT/448 May 31, 2010 Instructor: Adrianne Ford Nike: The Sweatshop Debate The purpose and intent of this paper is to describe the legal, cultural, and ethical challenges that face the Nike Corporation in their global business ventures. This paper will also touch on the roles of the host government and countries where Nike manufactures their products and the author will summarize the strategic and operational challenges that Nike managers face in globalization ofRead MoreCross Cultural Perspective – Nike Corporation Essay1121 Words   |  5 PagesPerspective – Nike Corporation In this essay, I will attempt to present an analysis of the ethics and social responsibility issues that an organization can face when it is a global organization. One of the most recognized organizations globally would without a doubt have to be the Nike Corporation. Several years ago the Nike Corporation came under fire for using child labor in Pakistan and Cambodia to make their soccer balls. Because Nike came under fire for this unethical and inhumane practice, the organizationRead MoreOutsourcing Practices of Adidas, Converse, Nike, and Reebok1079 Words   |  4 PagesOutsourcing Practices of Adidas, Converse, Nike and Reebok Introduction Apparel and shoe manufacturers continued to offload the more costly yet easily replicated part so their business models to concentrate on brand building, marketing, sales and attaining greater distribution channels globally. These are the pressures all apparel and shoe manufacturers face, and it is particularly challenging in the athletic show industry (Kynge, 2009). Adidas, Converse, Nike and Reebok have been outsourcingRead More Leadership Ethics and Culture Essay1587 Words   |  7 Pagesprogram. In other words, Siemens leadership chose to ignore their established ethics and compliance program which created an unethical environment. Kellogg Brown and Root (KBR) a subsidiary of Halliburton headquarters in Houston, Texas is an international, technology-based engineering and construction company. The company provides a full spectrum of industry-services to the hydrocarbon, chemical, energy, forest products, and manufacturing industry. KBR is one of the largest United States government

Dramatic speeches Essay Example For Students

Dramatic speeches Essay The Crucible: Arthur Miller builds up tension for the audience by a skilful use of dialogue, dramatic speeches, entrances and actions. By discussing at least one example of each from Act Two say how he does this. Arthur Millers The Crucible is set in Salem, Massachusetts where they didnt understand either medicine or science. They thought when someone became ill it was because either God was punishing them or witchcraft was at work. The Crucible is based on a group of teenage girls who are discovered dancing naked in the woods, playing with witchcraft. When the girls realised how severe their punishment would be, they claimed other members of the community possessed them. There was no defence against witchcraft. If people denied it they were hung, as they believed they were possessed by the devil. If people admitted it they were put in jail. Anyone who was accused had his or her life ruined. The group of girls lead by Abigail Williams began accusing perfectly innocent members of the community of witchcraft. Usually the people accused were outcasts such as beggars or old women who lived alone, but respectable women were finding they too were being accused. Take Elizabeth Proctor, she was accused because Abigail Williams wanted her out of the way so she could continue her affair with her husband John Proctor. In Act two there is an immense row between Elizabeth and John Proctor about two main points: the fact that Elizabeth has been accused and Johns affair with Abigail. Miller expresses their anger by the vulgar language they use, the exclamations and the questions asked. Then you go and tell her shes a Whore. Whatever promise she may sense break it, John, break it. This was what Elizabeth said to John. This would astound the audience because Elizabeth was a respectable woman and would not be expected to use such ill-mannered language. The fact that Elizabeth had used such language would make the audience unbelievably stunned; it would also increase the tension tremendously. Not only dose Elizabeth use foul language she orders John to go and break the relationship between Abigail and himself. This shows Elizabeths anger, as she is livid and not asking but ordering John to do as she wishes. Elizabeths anger is also shown by the use or repetition: Oh, the noose, the noose is up! Elizabeth is scared as she has been accused and thinks she is going to be hung. She is hysterical and this is shown with the use of exclamations and repetition. This too would make the audience anxious. Half way through Act 2 there is an enormous burst of stimulation and apprehension for the audience. This is when Giles and Francis burst in on a particularly anxious moment between John, Elizabeth and Hale. Giles and Francis intensify the tension by announcing the startling news that both their wives have been arrested. This comes as a shock because both their wives are exceptionally respectable women. The tension is show by the respondents using exclamations. Rebeccas in the jail! This comes as a shock because like Elizabeth, Martha and Rebecca are highly regarded women. Now they have been arrested there is a grater chance that Elizabeth too will be arrested.

Eartquakes Essays - Seismology, Earthquake Engineering,

Eartquakes Earthquakes: Why They Occur And How To Prepare For Them An earthquake is one of the most powerful natural disasters known to man. Earthquakes are so powerful that they can knock down buildings and bridges as well as change river routes and cause landslides. With all the damage earthquakes cause the only way to protect oneself from them is to be prepared and well educated about them. Since they cannot be predicted one must always be prepared for them. Strict building codes in earthquake prone areas also help to minimize the property damage caused during an earthquake. Earthquakes throughout history have caused several millions of deaths as well as severe property damage. Earthquakes are more complex than one may think they are. Earthquakes most often occur near plate boundaries because that is where the tectonic plates meet. As tectonic plates slide past each other they cause tension on one another. After a while there is so much tension on these rocks that they just snap. The sudden break of these rocks send vibrations out in all directions. Soon after the first vibration is sent out a second vibration is sent out called the After shock. Humans can also cause earthquakes in many ways. ?Injecting fluids into deep well for waste disposal, filling reservoirs with water, and firing underground nuclear test blast, In limited circumstances lead to earthquakes. All these activities increase the strain within the rock near the location of the activities. So that rocks slip and slide along preexisting faults?(Microsoft Encarta 2000). Earthquakes can cause a lot of damage. They are strongest near the epicenter. The epicenter is directly above the point that the earth's crust snaps. The farther from the epicenter the weaker the vibrations of the earthquake are. That means the area close to the epicenter are going to receive more damage and areas farther from the epicenter are going to receive less damage. As well as distances from the epicenter the type of area an earthquake occurs in has effect on how much damage is caused. Under developed countries seem to suffer much more damage than a developed country. Underdeveloped countries have less strict building codes and are not prepared for natural disaster as well as developed countries are. In underdeveloped countries earthquakes cause much more deaths also. After earthquakes conditions often lead to widespread disease outbreaks. Damage to hospitals, water supply lines, sewage lines, and lack of housing all contribute to the widespread of disease. Developed countrie s have the same problems but thier strict building codes, emergency forces, and preparedness seem to minimize the damage and death caused by earthquakes. No matter if a person lives in developed or underdeveloped country earthquakes still cause damage. A tsunami is probably the effect of an earthquake. A tsunami is a group of giant sea waves that get bigger and bigger as they get closer to the coast that usually strike without warning. As these giant sea waves come crashing down on the coast they cause servere flooding that drowns a lot of people instantly and cause a lot of property damage. Along with flooding from tsunamis rivers are often rerouted during major earthquakes and flood whole town. After most major earthquakes there are fires. The worst part of fires after an earthquake is that usually broken gas mains cause the fires. If the gas mains are broken usually the water mains are also broken so firefighters have a hard time finding water to put out the fires. Another effect of an earthquake is landslides. Landslides are very dangerous if they occur because most of the time anything in the path of a landslide is destroyed. Earthquakes are very dangerous for a few reasons. First of all they cannot be predicted and second they cannot be stopped. If an earthquake occurs all that can be done is wait it out. That is why everyone must be prepared for an earthquake. The first item that must be learned about an earthquake is that they can occur at any time and any place. Two procedures that must be done in order to prepare for an earthquake is make an earthquake kit and prepare one's home for an earthquake. The basic earthquake kit should include food

Importance Of Trade Union In Modern Workplace Management Essay Essays

Importance Of Trade Union In Modern Workplace Management Essay Essays Importance Of Trade Union In Modern Workplace Management Essay Essay Importance Of Trade Union In Modern Workplace Management Essay Essay Essay Topic: The Man Of Mode Often we read in newspapers, group of workers of a mill traveling on work stoppage or coming together in privation of some common motivation. These groups of people are known as trade brotherhoods. Trade Unions are group of workers of an organisation or a mill that raises their voice together so that their demands can better be represented in forepart of the governments. They have a common end or purpose. In this epoch, where everyone realizes the importance of workers, trade brotherhoods have a really of import function to play. Originating in Europe, trade brotherhoods became really popular in states during the Industrial Revolution, when the deficiency of skilled workers shifted employment bargaining power about wholly to the employers, doing many workers to be mistreated and underpaid. Trade brotherhood organisations may be composed of single workers or professionals. The most common intent of these organisations is to keep or better the conditions of their employment. Over the past 300 old ages, trade brotherhoods have developed into a figure of signifiers, influenced by different political aims. TRADE Union: Trade Unions prove good for workers, as the chief purpose of organizing this group is to forestall the workers from being exploited by the senior functionaries. For illustration, if a worker is unhappy with the wage he is acquiring he can speak to his colleagues and jointly they can raise their voice to acquire the wage they deserve. Trade brotherhood is even helpful for the direction of the house, as they can cognize the demands of the worker which helps them know workers better and supply them an environment where they are able to work expeditiously and assist them to keep good criterions. Decisions are taken through the corporate bargaining procedure and dialogues between employer and brotherhoods. The relationship between trade brotherhood and employer is called as industrial dealingss. In general footings, trade brotherhoods satisfy their demands through dialogues peacefully, but sometimes other tough actions need to be taken by the brotherhoods. These actions can be in the signifier of work stoppages, work to govern, travel slow, picketing, overtime prohibition, etc. In Strikes, workers reciprocally decide non to come for work. In work to govern, workers tend to be excessively critical ; knock on minor inside informations. In Go Slow, workers work with slow gait so as to slower production velocity. In picketing, workers demonstrate through mottos and streamers. In overtime, the workers refuse to work and so the company is unable to run into the demand. All the employers try to avoid such state of affairss, as such state of affairss lead to loss and even shuting down of the company. In United Kingdom, in order to deliver employers from industrial Acts of the Apostless and employees from being exploited, authorities has created ACAS. ACAS stands for Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service. When brotherhood and employers continue to challenge they can travel to ACAS to decide the affair. It is an independent organic structure financed by authorities. It gives indifferent advises. TYPE OF TRADE UNIONS: There are major four types of trade brotherhoods: 1 ) . Crafts of Skill Unions: This brotherhood consists of all those workers possessing same type of accomplishments. 2 ) . Industrial Unions: This brotherhood represents workers of the same industry. 3 ) . General Unions: This brotherhood is formed by aggregation of workers from different industries and holding different accomplishments. 4 ) . White Collar Unions: This brotherhood represents all the office workers at higher stations. STRUCTURE OF TRADE UNIONS: The construction refers to how the trade brotherhoods are organized. They can be organized on the footing of trades brotherhood, industrial brotherhoods or general brotherhoods. The other method to form trade brotherhoods can be the manner works degree, local degree, regional degree and national degree are interrelated. Plant Level Union- Plant degree is the first and the lowest degree of the construction. This type brotherhood is formed in individual company. Maximum seven members can be a portion of this type, due to this in merely one company there are multiple such brotherhoods. Local Level Federations- Local degree Union is the 2nd degree of the construction. This consists of the works degree brotherhoods at the local degree in a peculiar industry. The local degree brotherhood can be an independent organic structure or can be affiliated with national degree or regional degree brotherhoods. Regional Level Federations- All the local degree brotherhoods of a peculiar province or part jointly come under regional degree Union. National Level Federations- This is national degree organic structure which gives association to all works degree brotherhood, local degree brotherhood and regional degree brotherhoods. These degrees have been summarized below in the diagram: ADVANTAGES OF HAVING TRADE UNIONS: Trade brotherhoods can turn out good to both employer every bit good as the employees. Benefits for Employees: Increased rewards for its members- Industries with trade brotherhoods tend to hold higher rewards than non-unionized industries. Workers tend to be more demanding when in a group. Together when they raise their voice, it is more powerful as the functionaries are scared of the tough actions which brotherhoods might take when there needs non met. Represent Workers- Trades Unions besides protect workers from being exploited by senior direction. Trades brotherhoods can give besides aid workers who might be stuck in a legal job. Important for Service Sector- In modern work force, there is lessening in the power of the trade brotherhood. This is because of a diminution in fabrication and roar in service sector employment. Service sector occupations are by and large impermanent or are of portion clip footing. There are more opportunities of development of workers in footings in this sector in footings of less wage, bad working conditions or fewer inducements. Trade brotherhoods need to be more argus-eyed in this approaching sector. Individual rights better protected- Workers have their single rights better protected. They can non be below the belt dismissed from work, or they can non be racially or sexually discriminated. Member Services- Members of the trade brotherhood are frequently offered benefits of certain scope of services, like Education and preparation on basic accomplishments, employment rights, wellness and safety and other issues ; Legal advice on employment and personal issues ; Discounts on mortgages, insurance and loans from brotherhoods ; And besides welfare benefits in footings of fiscal assistance when a individual is ill or unemployed. Benefits for Employers: To counter balance monopsony power- Traditionally, monopsonies occur when there is merely one house in a town, or type of employment. However, in modern economic systems, many employers have a high grade of market power ( monopsony ) . The on the job conditions, regulations and ordinances, rewards are of determined harmonizing to the market power. More the market power, more will be the control over the trade brotherhoods. Productivity deals- Trades Unions can assist to negociate productiveness trades. This means they help the house to increase production which enables the house to be able to afford higher rewards. This besides helps promoting workers to work expeditiously. Trades brotherhoods can be of import for implementing new working patterns which improve productiveness. Workers are more motivated- When all sort of interests- societal, economic and political, are being looked upon, the workers tend to stay motivated and works expeditiously. This reflects on the quality and gait of the production. This besides controls the abrasion rates which saves the employer from the immense labour turnover costs. Trade brotherhoods help in accelerated gait of economic development in many ways: By assisting in the enlisting and choice of workers. By staying with subject among the work force By assisting in colony of industrial differences in a rational mode By doing societal accommodations. Workers have to set themselves to the new on the job conditions, the new regulations and policies. Workers coming from different backgrounds may go disorganised, unsated and defeated. Unions help them in doing such accommodation. Trade brotherhoods are a portion of society and as such, have to take into consideration the national integrating every bit good. Some of import societal duties of trade brotherhoods include: advancing and keeping national integrating by cut downing the figure of industrial differences integrating a sense of societal duty in workers accomplishing industrial peace PROBLEMS OF TRADE Union: Trade brotherhood can make certain jobs. When there demand goes high, it is hard to command their greed and fit up their outlooks. The employers are frequently in fright of workers traveling on work stoppage. More such jobs are: Creates Unemployment- If labour markets are competitory, higher rewards will do unemployment. Trades brotherhoods demand for higher rewards through the menace of work stoppages, work to govern etc. When the rewards are higher n industry, manufacturers will non be able to afford more which cause ballad offs and unemployment. Ignore Non Members- Trades brotherhoods merely consider the demands of its members ; they frequently ignore those who are non portion of the labour market i.e. the unemployed. They must besides be considered so as to cut down inequalities. Lost Productivity- If brotherhoods go on work stoppage and work fruitlessly ( work to govern ) it can take to lost gross revenues and end product. This will take to closing of the company. This will finally take to loss of occupations. Engage Inflation- If brotherhoods become excessively powerful they can dicker for higher rewards, above the rate of rising prices. If this occurs it may lend to general rising prices. Economy may topple. Decision: This study in short negotiations about trade brotherhoods. The study begins with a brief history about trade brotherhoods and tells us what a trade brotherhood is. It so highlights the types and construction of trade brotherhoods. Then, the turning importance of trade brotherhoods in the modern workplace has been richly highlighted. The study besides tells us the drawbacks of holding trade brotherhoods. The chief aim of fixing this study was to demo the importance of trade brotherhoods in the modern workplace and how they protect the involvements of the workers.

Police Misconduct Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Police Misconduct - Research Paper Example guilty men to walk the street and innocent men to sit in jail, governments should have appropriate measures in place to protect the public from police misconduct. 1) Carnell, Yvette. "Dont Shoot! A Case for Reigning in Rogue Cops." The Atlanta Post. 3 May 2011. Web. 27 May 2011. . 4) "Indian Diplomats Daughter, 18, Sues for $1.5m over police Cells Toilet Humiliation | Mail Online." Mail Online. 25 May 2011. Web. 27 May 2011. . 5) Kaariainen, Juha, Tomi Lintonen, Ahti Laitinen, and Joycelyn Pollock. "The Code of Silence: Are Self-Report Surveys a Viable Means for Studying Police Misconducts?" Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention 9.2 (2008): 86-96. Print. 6) "Man Shot 6 times by Billings Police Officer Sues for Excessive Force." The Republic. 20 May 2011. Web. 27 May 2011. . 7) Miller, Joel, and Robert C. Davis. "Unpacking Public Attitudes to the Police: Contrasting Perceptions of Misconduct with Traditional Measures of Satisfaction." International Journal of Police Science and Management 10.1 (2008): 9-22.

Operation management - Operational Analysis Essay

Operation management - Operational Analysis - Essay Example Like any other Wal-mart store, ASDA is well known for its bargaining pricing of its products and services that it sells. It is also known for giving access and selling a wide range of products and services to its customers ranging from accessories and clothing to gardening and household equipment. Services include photography and pharmacy services. The motto of ASDA Wal-mat store Inc has been to help consumers save money and also help consumers lead a cheaper, but higher and better living standard (ASDA, 2010). The main objective of this company is to maintain excellent customer service by providing quality products at affordable prices. Another objective is to improve the sales of the store and implement productivity initiatives. The company has enjoyed a number of successes, including the ability to buy in bulk, sell products and services in huge volumes, and be able to survive on reduced on low profit margins. This has in turn helped the organization to pass on the cost benefit to the consumers and at the same time be able to give consumers more value for money which has been a crucial part of the success of the company in a highly competitive market. The paper will take an analysis of ASDA Wal-mart stores mainly concentrating on its current operations management activities. Introduction In any organization or company, operational management deals with the design and management of processes, products, services, and supply chains (BARNES, 2008). This mainly looks at the development, acquisition, and utilization of resources that are required by the organization in order to deliver goods and services to its consumers. Operational management ranges from the strategic level to the tactical level and finally, to the operational level. In other words, operational management is a function that aims at making sure that there is a smooth flow of processes to convert input into outputs in a cost effective and efficient way. There is normally demand for companies to su stain themselves and survive in a competitive market. However, there are two ways which company can adopt to which are cutting their costs or increasing their revenue. In both cases, the OM capacity of an organization is challenged. In this competitive market where competition increases all the time, a company like ASDA to implement effective operational management tools and systems in order to ensure that the production of goods and services is maintained smoothly and that the demands of customers are fulfilled quickly. OM attempts to create the desired balance between costs and revenue to get the maximum profit and at the same time maintain the quality of goods and services. Normally, big companies like ASDA have huge responsibilities to be able to keep up with the operational management activities involving capacity planning, manpower planning, acquisition, and control, scheduling, managing quality, material control, cost control, training and development for employees, and facil ity location and layout planning (LOADER, 2007). Information and Analysis Current Operations Below is an overview

MNC Corporation Production Assignment

MNC Corporation Production Assignment MNC Corporation Production Analysis of MNC Behavior Introduction Multinational corporation (or transnational corporation) (MNC/TNC) is a corporation or enterprise that manages production establishments or delivers services in at least two countries. Very large multinationals have budgets that exceed those of many countries. Multinational corporations can have a powerful influence in international relations and local economies. Multinational corporations play an important role in globalization (Bartlett et al). Multinational corporations can be divided into three broad groups according to the configuration of their production facilities: Horizontally integrated multinational corporations manage production establishments located in different countries to produce similar products. (Example: McDonalds) Vertically integrated multinational corporations manage production establishment in certain country/countries to produce products that serve as input to its production establishments in other country/countries. (Example: Adidas) Diversified multinational corporations do not manage production establishments located in different countries that are horizontally, vertically or straight (Example: Microsoft or Siemens A.G.) The paper deals with analysis of MNC behavior of three popular MNC’s viz. Exxon Mobile, Royal Dutch and BP. These are oil and gas companies from India and China. The paper will explain about how the products of these companies differ or are similar to each other and how their marketing strategies corporate strategies differ. All this will be explained through the Dunning O-I-L framework and Global Integration Local Responsiveness framework. This paper represents the compare and contrast studies of different strategies. About the companies MNC behavior differs across various locations and is different regarding marketing, finance, human resource and other aspects related to the products. The three companies selected for analyzing MNC behavior differ in geographical locations, political conditions, cultural considerations and legal frameworks. The general introduction of the all the 3 companies is as follows: Exxon Mobil Corporation or Exxon Mobil (NYSE: XOM): It is an American oil and gas corporation and a direct descendant of John D. Rockefellers Standard Oil company. Formed on November 30, 1999 by the merger of Exxon and Mobil, Exxon Mobil is the worlds largest company by revenue at $404.5 billion for the fiscal year of 2007. It is also the largest publicly held corporation by market capitalization, i.e. $501.17 billion. While it is the largest of the six oil super majors with daily production of 4.18 million BOE (barrels of oil equivalent). Currently, the company ranks 1st in the world in net income, which was almost $40 billion last year. The Exxon Mobil Corporation global headquarters are located in Irving, Texas. The company markets products around the world under the brands of Exxon, Mobil, and Esso. It also owns hundreds of smaller subsidiaries such as Imperial Oil Limited (69.6% ownership) in Canada, and Sea River Maritime, a petroleum shipping company (Exxon Mobile Corporation 2008). Royal Dutch Shell: It is commonly known as Shell, a multinational oil company of British and Dutch origins. It is the second largest private sector energy corporation in the world, and one of the six super majors. The companys headquarters are in The Hague, Netherlands, with its registered office in London, United Kingdom (Shell Centre). The companys main business is the exploration, production, processing, transportation and marketing of hydrocarbons (oil and gas). Shell also has a significant petrochemicals business (Shell Chemicals), and an embryonic renewable energy sector developing wind, hydrogen and solar power opportunities (Royal Dutch Shell: About Shell 2008). BP (British Petroleum): It was previously known as British Petroleum but now using only the initials, it is the worlds third largest global energy company, a multinational oil company (oil major) with headquarters in London, UK. The company is among the largest private sector energy corporations in the world, and one of the six super majors (vertically integrated private sector oil exploration, natural gas, and petroleum product marketing companies). Though, all these companies are involved in similar business practices, yet there are also certain differences among them. There is a compare and contrast scenario among these companies. To analyze these three MNC’s, the â€Å"Global Integration- Local Responsiveness† framework and â€Å"Dunning’s O-I-L† framework can be used (BP Global: About BP 2008). Similarities and Differences The products of all three companies are similar in the sense that all have natural resource seeking and efficiency seeking products. All three companies produce the same kind of products, so they also require the same kind of raw materials for the products. The products they produce are all location specific. All the companies have their established positions in the international market and are among the six super majors in the oil and gas industry. They possess abundant resource utilization capacity. They have competitive advantage, which helps them to achieve their strategic goals. The products of the companies are globally marketed. The major differences among the products of the companies are the quality and quantity of the products and the capital requirement for the products. The products also differ in the level and type of technology used and the customer demand for the product. The location where the product is manufactured is also important and it makes a big difference for the company. The export and import of the products vary from company to company. The manufacturing and innovation among the products also vary depending on the Government rules, regulations and policies in the countries in which the companies operate. The products also differ on the basis of marketing strategies used to market the product. The reason for these differences can be explained through the â€Å"Global Integration- Local Responsiveness† framework popularly known as I-R model. It is generally related with ideas of value creation. It states that these differences occur because of differences in the competitive advantage of the companies and the strategies used by them. Strategies can be global, international, multinational or transnational (Bartlett et al). The risk handling capability of the companies is also one of the possible reasons for the differences among them. The proportion of the global assets, number of countries in which the company operates in value added activities and the value of the output are responsible for significant differences among the companies of the same industry (Rugman Hodgetts 1995). These differences are not general differences. These differences are responsible for the company’s success and help it in making popular among the general public. The products of the company become known to the customers because of these significant differences and they are responsible for the growth and revenue of the company (Bartlett et al). The marketing strategies also differ between various firms and countries on the basis of the strategies used to market the products. The differences between countries occur because of alterations in the market structures among various countries with respect to the transactional costs. Differences also occur on the ground of capital availability and resource utilization. The difference in the market size is also very important. Marketing strategies differ across firms due to differences in the extent of market diversification and market stability of the firms. They differ according to the number of customers for the product and because of the market allocation for the product. The firms have set up in their respective locations because according to â€Å"Dunning’s O-I-L† framework, the assets which these companies possess are ownership specific and location specific. Though, they are available to all the firms, yet they are unique in nature and help the company to establish a difference for itself. This criterion of Dunning is based on the eclectic paradigm. The assets can be tangible like manpower, capital, etc. or intangible like technology, marketing, etc. Global, International, Multinational Transnational Firms As the companies grow and develop, there category changes and they become international, global, multinational or transnational firms. As time passes, their product category also changes. Global Firms consider the world as a single integrated unit with centralized scale intensive manufacturing. Through world wide diffusion and adaptation, these companies exploit the parent company’s knowledge and capabilities (Dunning 1993). International Firms take the overseas units as offshoots of domestic strategy. Here the core competencies are centralized and others are decentralized. It builds cost advantage through global scale operations (Dunning 1993). Multinational Firms consider the world as a portfolio of national opportunities. They are self sufficient and decentralized. Through strong resourceful national operations it creates a response to national differences. Transnational Firms comprise of all the above three firms. They are dispersed, interdependent and specialized. They have flexibility, global efficiency and great learning capability. Different Corporate Strategies The corporate strategies of the MNC’s differ across different locations as the Government policies and regulations are different in different countries. The goals and the means to achieve them differ according to the customer size and the market adaptability in different countries. The collaborations with the local partners also create a difference in the corporate strategies because they also have their company’s policies and requirements. It also differs according to the company law of the respective countries. The terms and conditions of the local partners differ, which causes significant variations in the corporate strategy (Dunning 1993).. Innovations in MNC’s Innovations are a growing trend in today’s world and MNC’s are successful till they maintain their innovativeness and creativity. Innovation does not necessarily come from the home country but it can also be sourced in the local country. The MNC’s hire the employees of the local country so it can be possible that innovations are from the local country. Government and the MNC’s There are differences among the MNC’s about the Government policies and regulations. Government’s encouragement or inhibition for the oil and gas industry depends on the type of country and the requirement of such an MNC in the country. There are also significant differences across various locations for the involvement of Government in the MNC activities. This depends on the need of the country to grow and develop and also on the economy of the country. This can also be explained with the help of â€Å"Dunning’s O-I-L† framework. The Government involvement depends on the asset availability of the country which is location specific. Social Cultural Factors The MNC’s are also affected by social and cultural factors of the local country. They have to conduct the business according to the conditions in that country. The products should be manufactured according to the needs and requirements of the people. The cultural and social sentiments of the people should be taken care of. For example, when Mc Donald’s started its business in India, it made beef burgers. But this was failed in India, as it was against the cultural, religious and social sentiments of the people of India, because Indians worship cows so they would never prefer a beef burger. But many a times it happens that MNC’s also shape the social, cultural, political and even the legal framework of the local country. The people of the local country many a times adapt to the products of the MNC’s. For example, Pizza Hut, Dominos, etc. have totally changed the eating habits of the people wherever they have spread their business. The dressing style of the people changes, e.g. Indians started wearing western style clothes. They also convince the Government to make its legal policy flexible to suit their business conditions because the country is being benefited by the MNC’s. The role of WTO in MNC activity WTO and regional trade agreements influence the MNC activities in many ways. The fundamental principles of WTO are non discrimination, free trade, encouraging competition and extra provisions for less developed countries. Through non discriminatory trading system, all the MNC’s are provided with their rights and obligations to be used while performing their operations. Each country and MNC receives fair exports and fair treatment in the markets of other countries. It provides responsibilities regarding implementation of agreements, technical cooperation and increased participation in the global trading system. These agreements help in removing trade barriers and duty free access. It also helps in protecting industrial property rights and dispute settlement. The trade agreement system helps in promoting peace, provides more choices of products and qualities (Cherunilam 2005). Export processing zone refers to one or more specific areas of a country where some of the normal trade barriers are ruled out and bureaucratic necessities are let down in the desire of attracting new business and foreign investments. This zone also refers to the manufacturing centers, which are labor intensive involving the import of raw materials and the export of factory products. This zone is of great importance for the operations of MNC’s. Geography of production The linkages in the value chain also differ around different locations. The relationship between the various functional processes is different at different locations. The spread of production differs according to the spatial distribution. This differs according to the elements of the value chain. The working of the functional processes affects the production. It differs from firm to firm because the functional units like finance, marketing, etc. differ across firms and across various locations. So the firm’s production differs according to geography as the resource availability differs from place to place. Also, the human resource management, organizational structure and managerial responsibility differ between the firms and locations. These are not the same at all the places and with all the firms. The manpower availability differs from place to place and from firm to firm. Because of workforce diversity, human resource management differs and is not the same at all places. The organizational structure also differs because of each firm’s policies and regulations. The managerial responsibility is different depending upon the size of the firm and its working. It also depends upon the strength of the organization, type of business it deals with and the amount of work done by the organization (Cherunilam 2005). MNC’s also hire local people for key positions because its not possible for the MNC’s to hire people from the home country as it is a time consuming and costly affair. Instead of doing so, they can spend money on the training of the people in the local country. The Country Subsidiary Manager is responsible for the administration and management of the MNC in the country. He helps the MNC to recruit highly efficient and energetic people. He also helps in the growth and development of the MNC along with marketing its products. Comparison and Contrast between the Indian Market and Chinese Market for Exxon, BP and Shell The strategies in both the countries will be different for all the three companies i.e. BP, Exxon and Shell. The business environment, culture and traditions of both the companies differ from each other. The customer requirements, economic growth, political and social environment and legal obligations for both the countries can be compared and contrasted. Comparison CEOs of global energy giants BP, Exxon Mobil and Shell are thrashing out their plans with Indian companies and state government officials to pump dollars into 5 states Orissa, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal and Gujarat. The oil and gas giants (Exxon, Shell, BP), can enter the Indian market through Joint Ventures with the Indian companies like Reliance or any ONGC. To establish joint ventures with Indian companies for manufacturing, all the 3 companies should track the key trends and survey the competitive environment in the oil and gas industry, which will enable them to maximize their returns in India (BP, Exxon Shell may invest in 5 Indian states 2008). Currently, Indian conversion kit markets are overflowing with duplicate and inferior quality products. Manufacturers must devote adequate resources for research and development to create world-class offerings that stand apart from the competition. Producing less expensive, lighter, and stronger fuel storage tanks could help the companies establish a leadership position in the marketplace. Reinforcing innovative products with strong after-sales service will allow companies to establish a brand image (Indian Automotive Alternative Fuel Conversion Kit Markets 2001). The entry strategy for China will be different. In China, the companies can enter through Merger or strategic alliance with a Chinese oil company. The companies should do a detailed study of the Chinese market to enter into strategic alliance with the Chinese companies, their growth patterns and their position in the market. As the entry strategy in both the companies will differ because of their business environment; similarly, business strategies would also differ on the following grounds. Firstly, the customer ratio and demand differs in both the countries. China has more population than India, so it has a large consumer market than India for these companies. Secondly, as compared to China, the price hike in petrol is more in India, so the companies can earn high revenue in India (Cherunilam 2005). Thirdly, China’s economy is growing at a much faster rate than India’s economy. Fourthly, the income level in both the countries is different. Middle class population is high in India. The per capita income of China is more than India and even the disposable income in China is more. Nowadays, BP is focusing on an eco-friendly campaign, which can be a great success in India where pollution is a major problem. This way, it can easily attract customers and become popular. Fifthly, the culture of both the countries is different, which affects the strategies of the companies. India is a country of diverse cultures and customs, so people with different thinking and values are found in India. But China has cultural unity, so the values and traditions do not differ across the country. This is good for advertisement and publicity to the people. Sixthly, it is also the political and legal environment that plays a crucial role in any business. A company cannot ignore the political situation and legal formalities either in the home country or in the host country if it has to operate successfully abroad. There is a quasi-federal-form of government in India and democracy is the rule of the country. Whereas China is a communist country, so the political setup can make a difference to the strategies. Also, the legal environment differs from country to country. India’s market has easy access and there are no strict regulations for the trade. In India, after the liberalization in 1991, most of the sectors are opened for foreign companies. Foreign Direct Investment is increasing rapidly. FDI policy is liberalized and 100% investment is allowed, whereas in China, there is not so much liberty for foreign companies. Only, a limited number of foreign companies can establish themselves in China. Contrast There are several points of similarities that affect the strategies of the companies in both the countries. Both the countries are in a developing stage and follow collectivism. Collectivistic culture tends to embrace interdependence, family security, social hierarchies, cooperation; and low levels of competition (Cherunilam 2005). As such, the Chinese and Indian society historically focuses on social interests and collective actions, and de-emphasizes personal goals and accomplishments. Also, the people of both the countries are dominated by foreign products and import items. Conclusion Thus, from the above discussion about MNC’s, it is concluded that they differ across different locations in terms of their resources, working, legal framework, etc. They also affect the culture and social life of the people of the local country. References Bartlett et al. Building Layers of Competitive Advantage. Europe: McGraw Hill Companies Inc. BP Global: About BP. 2008. [online]. [Accessed July 19, 2008]. Available from World Wide Web: BP, Exxon Shell may invest in 5 Indian states 2008. [online]. [Accessed July 19, 2008]. Available from World Wide Web: Cherunilam, F. 2005. International Business: Text and Cases. New Delhi: Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd. Dunning, J. H. 1993. The determinants of MNE activity. In Dunning, J. H., Multinational Enterprises and the Global Economy: 76-85. Addison-Wesley Pub. Co. Exxon Mobile Corporation. 2008. [online]. [Accessed July 19, 2008]. Available from World Wide Web: Indian Automotive Alternative Fuel Conversion Kit Markets 2001. [online]. [Accessed July 19, 2008]. Available from World Wide Web: Ramaswamy, V.S Namakumari, S. (3rd ed.) 2005. Strategic Planning Formulation of Corporate Strategy. New Delhi: Macmillan India Ltd. Royal Dutch Shell: About Shell. 2008. [online]. [Accessed July 19, 2008]. Available from World Wide Web: Rugman, A.M. Hodgetts, R.M. (1st ed.).1995. International Business. New York, McGraw Hill Publishing Company. Appendix Generic Value Chain of OPERATION OUTBOND LOGISTIC MARKETING SALES SERVICE FIRM INFRASTRUCTURE HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT PROCUREMENT INBOUND LOGISTIC Secondary Activity Or Supporting Activities Primary Activities Source: Ramaswamy Namakumari 2005.

The Evolution of Frankenstein :: Frankenstein, Mary Shelley

The Evolution of Frankenstein Not so long ago, relative to the world at large, in picturesque Geneva not so far from Lake Leman, Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley took part in a not so commonplace "contest". The contest was to write a ghost story. The outcome was Frankenstein; what is considered today to be a classic, one of the first science fiction tales, and a story immortalized many times over in film. And what at its inception was considered little more than the disturbed and ill conceived writings of a woman by some, and a noble if misplaced effort by others. Critical readings of the novel have grown over time to encompass more aspects of the critical range and to allow for a broader reading and understanding of the work which accounts for more than merely face value formal, rhetorical, mimetic or expressive theories alone. In March of 1818, the same year Frankenstein was published, The Belle Assemblee magazine reviewed Frankenstein. In its opening paragraph states "..that the presumptive works of man must be frightful, vile, and horrible; ending only in discomfort and misery to himself. But will all our readers understand this?". Clearly this reviewer is, in some part, taking into account rhetorical theories. The analysis given is in the interests of the reader, so that they might better be able to appreciate the work. As well, credit is given to formal aspects of the work, the "excellence of its style and language" as well as "its originality, excellence of language, and peculiar interest". Though this review was brief, and did little more than summarize the book for interested readers of the time, it did what many others did not, in that it focused on Frankenstein as an original work that offered something new to readers of the time. Further reviews, from sources such as Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine allowed the author, whose identity was not known for certain at the time, some small leeway in their criticisms. Though they too agreed that the formal style of Frankenstein was unique and praiseworthy, strictly mimetic theories are taken into account in matters they consider inconsistent within the novel, particularly as they pertain to the nature of the monster. It is looked upon as non-reflective of the way of the real world, that a The Evolution of Frankenstein :: Frankenstein, Mary Shelley The Evolution of Frankenstein Not so long ago, relative to the world at large, in picturesque Geneva not so far from Lake Leman, Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley took part in a not so commonplace "contest". The contest was to write a ghost story. The outcome was Frankenstein; what is considered today to be a classic, one of the first science fiction tales, and a story immortalized many times over in film. And what at its inception was considered little more than the disturbed and ill conceived writings of a woman by some, and a noble if misplaced effort by others. Critical readings of the novel have grown over time to encompass more aspects of the critical range and to allow for a broader reading and understanding of the work which accounts for more than merely face value formal, rhetorical, mimetic or expressive theories alone. In March of 1818, the same year Frankenstein was published, The Belle Assemblee magazine reviewed Frankenstein. In its opening paragraph states "..that the presumptive works of man must be frightful, vile, and horrible; ending only in discomfort and misery to himself. But will all our readers understand this?". Clearly this reviewer is, in some part, taking into account rhetorical theories. The analysis given is in the interests of the reader, so that they might better be able to appreciate the work. As well, credit is given to formal aspects of the work, the "excellence of its style and language" as well as "its originality, excellence of language, and peculiar interest". Though this review was brief, and did little more than summarize the book for interested readers of the time, it did what many others did not, in that it focused on Frankenstein as an original work that offered something new to readers of the time. Further reviews, from sources such as Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine allowed the author, whose identity was not known for certain at the time, some small leeway in their criticisms. Though they too agreed that the formal style of Frankenstein was unique and praiseworthy, strictly mimetic theories are taken into account in matters they consider inconsistent within the novel, particularly as they pertain to the nature of the monster. It is looked upon as non-reflective of the way of the real world, that a

Mmw 13 Notes

SAFAVID EMPIRE Key Focus: 1) The Ottoman (Sunni)-Safavid (Shi’ite) split in Dar al-Islam 2) Safavids’ use of religious extremism to inspire a following and forge an empire 3) Transition from heterodox ideology to orthodox theocracy under Shah Abbas I) The Safavid Rise to Power in Persia †¢3 empires dominated by presence of Islam †¢M2oguls in India, Ottoman Empire, and Safavids a) Isma’il and the Messianic Ideology of the Qizilbash (warriors; â€Å"red heads† > their turbans) i) How did a 14 year-old establish a dynasty? †¢Led Turkish army to capture an Iranian city it was already a vulnerable region †¢envisioned a utopian Islamic world (1) Claim lineage from 13th century Sufi leader—Safi al-Din (2) Reincarnation of the â€Å"hidden† Twelfth Imam of Shi’a Islam (3) Claim of divinity as the â€Å"God-shah† ?maybe reincarnation of Allah himself!! ii) Sufi belief in the transmission of mystical powers †¢mayb e a redeemer figure iii) Qizilbash fanaticism †¢sometimes went into battle unarmed; believed Isma’il’s power could save em †¢the more extreme their behavior, the more they showed their loyalty to Isma’il b) The Safavid-Ottoman Conflict Safavid’s were intent on spreading their Qizibash religions i) Clash of Heterodoxy vs. Orthodoxy (1) Safavids intent on spreading their Sufi/Shi’ite ideology ? Ottomans had control over Mecca ?Safavid discouraged pilgrimage to Mecca to undermine Ottoman’s rule (2) Ottoman Selim the Grim’s claim as the â€Å"exterminator of idolators† ? referring to Safavid ?made it his primary goal to eliminate Safavid (3) Battle of Chaldiran (Kaldi-ran) 1514 ?slave armies were formidable; used firmarms ?forced to retreated to center of their empire ii) Geopolitical consequences 1) Interruption of the Mediterranean—Middle Eastern commercial network iii) Changes in Safavid Policies (1) Adoption of more conservative brand of â€Å"Imamite Sh’ia† II) Safavid Consolidation under Shah Abbas I (r. 1588-1629) a) Securing the Empire oAdopted Shi’a Imam/not so extreme ofanaticism is good for GOING to power, but not conservative o1588 o1590, established impressive i) Military Reorganization †¢reorganized army (1) Ghulam system ?recruited; much better organized and loyal army (2) Alliances with Europeans to counter Ottoman advance ?first, with Portuguese, but almost always about arms i) Promote commerce (1) New capital in Isfahan as a cosmopolitan center of trade ? openly invited Euro and Asian merchants; and Christian missionaires ? became incredibly worldy and diverse ?â€Å"to see Isfahan is to see half the world† (2) Secured trade routes within the Safavid realm b) Pragmatic ruler â€Å"both feared and loved† i) Ruler in the Machiavellian vein? †¢he did everything ideal of Machiavellian prince (1) Pragmatist not ideologue ?skilled in st atecraft and diplomacy ?close eye on suspicious stuff ?very â€Å"hands-on† ?good on theological discourse (2) Manipulation of his public image—â€Å"Shah of the People† ? ffect sovereign must project to his people to be feared and loved ? highly visible; mingled with the common people ?made it a point to be humble and scruple †¢wore simple linens; not silks (3) â€Å"More feared than loved†? ?played no favorites ?no patience for flatterers ?ruled effectively and decisively ii) Religious Policies (1) Father Simon’s report to Pope Paul V in 1605 (2) Purged of the Qizilbash iii) Symptoms of decline after Shah Abbas (1) Increasing intolerance towards other Muslim sects (2) Greater persecution of non-Muslims Shi’a imam was more tolerated; even Sunni’s were persecuted .

Demography - Statistical Study of Human Populations

Demography is the statistical study of human populations. It includes the study of the size, structure, and distributions of different populations and changes in them in response to birth, migration, aging, and death. It also includes the analysis of the relationships between economic, social, cultural, and biological process influencing a population. The field of sociology draws on huge bodies of data generated by a variety of sources, including the U.S. Census Bureau. Demography is widely used for various purposes and can encompass small, targeted populations or mass populations. Governments use demography for political observations, scientists use demography for research purposes, and businesses use demography for the purpose of advertising. Statistical concepts essential to demography include birth rate, death rate, infant mortality rate, fertility rate, and life expectancy. These concepts can be further broken down into more specific data, such as the ratio of men to women and the life expectancy of each gender. A census helps provide much of this information, in addition to vital statistic records. In some studies, the demography of an area is expanded to include education, income, the structure of the family unit, housing, race or ethnicity, and religion. The information gathered and studied for a demographic overview of a population depends on the party utilizing the information. From the census and vital statistics gathered using a wide variety of sources, sociologists can create a picture of the U.S. population – who we are, how we are changing, and even who we will be in the future.